The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physicsproduced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. 121 In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive) parity, no electric charge, and no colour charge, that couples to (interacts with) mass. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately.The Higgs field is a scalar field, with two neutral and two electrically chargedcomponents that form a complex doublet of the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry. Its"Mexican hat-shaped" potential has a nonzero value everywhere (including otherwiseempty space), which breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction,and via the Higgs mechanism gives some particles mass.Both the field and the boson are named after physicist Peter Higgs, who in 1964 alongwith five other scientists in three teams, proposed the Higgs mechanism, a way thatsome particles can acquire mass. (All fundamental particles known at the time(el shouldbe massless at very high energies, but fully explaining how some particles gain mass atlower energies, had been extremely difficult.) If these ideas were correct, a particleknown as a scalar boson should also exist, with certain properties. This particle wascalled the Higgs boson, and could be used to test whether the Higgs field was thecorrect explanation.After a 40 year search, a subatomic particle with the expected properties wasdiscovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC) at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The new particle was subsequentlyconfirmed to match the expected properties of a Higgs boson. Physicists from two ofthe three teams, Peter Higgs and Franois Englert, were awarded the Nobel Prize inPhysics in 2013 for their theoretical predictions. Although Higgs's name has come to beassociated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972independently developed different parts of it.In the mainstream media, the Higgs boson has often been called the "God particle"from the 1993 book The God Particle by Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman, althoughthe nickname is not endorsed by many physicists.
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